Dari Manohara ke Prita ke semiotika nomor urut

Salam,

Tulisan ini untuk merangkum persepsi saya tentang berbagai isu sejak tulisan terakhir saya tentang facebook. Maklum, satu bulan belakangan ini saya disibukkan dengan penyelesaian thesis, artikel dan abstrak yang harus saya kirim ke berbagai konferensi dan jurnal. Pertama, mengenai Manohara. Banyak pihak sudah membahas mantan model yang jadi model lagi ini (lho??). Yang menjadi ketertarikan saya yaitu mengenai bagaimana media di Indonesia terutama media online membahas isu tersebut. Saya ikut aktif memberikan komentar-komentar baik di Facebook atau Kaskus.us mengenai hal ini. Menurut saya, Manohara adalah salah satu dari sekian contoh bagaimana media mengarahkan isu tertentu (framing). Yang saya amati bahwa isu-isu yang berkembang kemudian melahirkan hubungan asosiatif dengan isu yang mungkin sebenarnya tidak berhubungan. Sangat menarik melihat bagaimana ekspresi pengguna media online menghubungkan Manohara sebagai puncak gunung es dari masalah hubungan Indonesia-Malaysia. Apalagi melihat isu-isu yang kemudian muncul seperti blok Ambalat dan penyiksaan TKW Siti Hajar. Manohara tidak lagi memerankan sosok korban KDRT melainkan telah menjadi duta kekesalan beberapa orang Indonesia tentang ’Malaysia’. Saya beri tanda kutip karena sebenarnya orang-orang tersebut pun sepertinya tidak melihat Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara melainkan sebagai sebuah stereotip, jika tidak mau dibilang metafora.

Berbicara mengenai stereotip dan metafora, saya melihat kasus Ibu Prita juga seperti itu. Jika rubrik Buras Lampung Post melihatnya sebagai people power, saya kira tidak. Apa yang dimaksud dengan people power? Apa seperti idiom vox populi vox die? Suara rakyat suara tuhan, siapa yang dimaksud dengan ‘rakyat’ dan atau ‘suara rakyat’? Menurut saya yang berkembang adalah metafora. Metafora atau methapor menurut kamus Princeton dapat didefinisikan sebagai a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity. Ciri mendasar metafora adalah translogika dengan melahirkan virtual kesamaan antara dua subjek. Kok bisa sejauh itu? Itu kan cuma masalah email… Ya, memang. Praktisnya memang adalah masalah Groundswell, mengutip istilah dari Bernoff & Li (2008), atau jika merujuk pada pendapat Jakubowicz (2009) adalah sebuah praktek post-objective. Tindakan manusia selalu didasari oleh logika, itu yang harus kita yakini dulu. Kalo ada yang bilang, ah.. kan ada tingkah laku yang tanpa logika? Saya kira itu justru yang disebut kesalahan logika. Mari kita telaah kesadaran kolektif (mengutip archetype-nya Carl Jung) yang adalah imbas dari gerakan informasi tersebut dan bagaimana kesadaran tersebut mentransformasi isu ke dalam bentuk tanda (sign). Kasus Ibu Prita sama seperti kasus Manohara, berkembang karena spotlight media. Baik pada kasus Manohara ataupun Prita, spiral informasi bergerak sentripetal dari isu utama. Laju isu kemudian lahir dengan menyinggung substansi-substansi lain seperti; ketidakpuasan beberapa pihak dengan UU ITE, masalah perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia yang tak kunjung selesai, nasib TKW, dll. Persinggungan tersebut tidak diasosiasikan secara instant.

Para pembuat berita, atau media sebagai entitas, melihatnya melalui kesamaan eksistensi, melalui ciri-ciri yang lalu dikristalkan dengan melabelkan isu ke dalam kata-kata sederhana seperti ’Manohara’ untuk mewakilkan ketidakpuasan kepada Malaysia, untuk merepresentasikan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga, kisah sukses (dalam pengertian berhasil kabur dari lingkungan yang menjeratnya), nasib orang Indonesia di rantau hingga alternatif tren pemberitaan selain pemilu. Tak pelak, ada rumah makan yang menambah embel-embel Manohara sehingga nama rumah makan tersebut menjadi ’RM Ayam Goreng Manohara’, atau ’jilbab dan tas Manohara’ untuk melabelkan sebuah model jilbab dan tas yang banyak dijual di Tanah Abang, Jakarta. Ternyata pada kasus rumah makan, asosiasi yang dihasilkan berkonotasi sebagai ’kisah sukses’, ’alternatif’, dan tren stereotip. Pada kasus jilbab dan tas, hubungan yang terbentuk adalah paradigmatik. Makna dari bentuk jilbab dan tas tersebut digantikan dengan apa yang orang-orang pikir tentang Manohara (dan kebetulan Ibu Prita juga berjilbab), lagi-lagi tren stereotip. Hubungan asosiasi dan paradigmatik tersebut tidak hanya dipikirkan oleh satu orang melainkan ribuan, bahkan mungkin jutaan se-Indonesia. On the other hand, kasus Ibu Prita mempunyai urutan kelahiran asosiatif yang berbeda dengan kasus Manohara. Pada kasus Ibu Prita, labelisasi lahir sebelum kasus selesai, sebaliknya pada kasus Manohara. Ini adalah permainan metafora. Ibu Prita kemudian menjadi metafora dari ‘korban malpraktek’, dan ‘fenomena ITE’ di Indonesia. Sadar ataupun tidak disadari oleh Ibu Prita, metafora terhadap dirinya adalah hal yang menyelamatkan dirinya.

Kasus terakhir adalah mengenai nomor urut capres. Tadinya saya mau menuliskannya kedalam bentuk artikel untuk dimuat dikoran tetapi saya kira tidak perlulah, toh kalo saya ngomong semiotik apa ada yang ngerti… (bukannya merendahkan lho, hanya saja yang tidak mengerti lebih banyak dari yang mengerti…). Pendapat saya mengenai semiotika nomor urut capres dilandasai setelah banyaknya paranormal ataupun pembicaraan di forum-forum online tentang pendapat mereka pada masing-masing nomor urut. Yang unik adalah mereka melakukan apresiasi tanpa sadar dengan mengkonstruksi persepsi yang sudah dimiliki oleh mereka sendiri terhadap nomor yang bersangkutan. Sebagai contoh, ada yang mengatakan bahwa nomer 1 ’menandakan’ akan menjadi nomer 1, nomer 2 mudah diingat (dari mana ingatannya??), nomer 3 adalah nomer yang akan meneruskan, dsb. Nomor urut kemudian menjadi symbol, karena adanya hubungan kausalitas antara kenyataan dengan ke-sebab-an yang ada dalam pikiran para interpretants tersebut. Terlepas hasil akhirnya nanti, menarik sebenarnya untuk disimak bahkan kalo ada yang mau menelitinya, apakah semiotika nomor urut tersebut berpengaruh pada elektabilitas (saya baru saja belajar mengenai kata ini) para capres.

Sekiranya sekian dulu, terima kasih sudah membacanya.

Iklan

A Film Semiotic Analysis on Nagabonar Jadi 2 (Nagabonar Becomes 2)

Berikut adalah essay saya tentang film semiotic, ide besarnya adalah menerawang intertekstualitas pada film-film Indonesia. Analisa pada essay ini masih terbatas oleh jumlah maksimum kata yang boleh ditulis (dikarenakan ini adalah bagian dari tugas akhir film semiotic course yang saya ikuti) tetapi kedepannya akan saya jabarkan lebih lanjut lagi intertekstualitas pada film-film indonesia dengan lebih beragam perspectives selain itu untuk diagram greimas sepertinya tidak tercopy di dalam blog ini karena formatnya PNG. tetapi sebagai gambaran bisa dilihat di http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Semiotic_square1.svg. Anyway, enjoy.

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In 2004, Indonesian film public was served by 31 commercial Indonesian films; the growth is more than 100% than a year before[1] and this condition kept growing in the next year. Despite of the influence from the global economy of Hollywood and Bollywood movies, also even though most of the films still presents romance and horror genre, two of the most popular film genres for Indonesian spectators, this progress however can be seen as resurrection of Indonesian film industry after being almost dead for 15 years. The implication for this growing condition emerged new phenomenon of Indonesian films fandom. After all those years being educated by western films, these fans brought their appreciation to Indonesian film screens and began to raise their spectator view to cultic the films. These phenomena imply to the question whether there are cult films in Indonesian films and for me, it brings curiosity of how the film semiotic analysis can be applied for such films. However, the most challenging part is to find which film can represent the condition of Indonesian cult films moreover attractive enough from semiotic and communication point of view.

My decision comes to film Nagabonar Jadi 2 based on several indicators; first, this film is a sequel therefore it has causality and conceptual relation to the first movie. Second, Nagabonar Jadi 2 emerged as a proposal in order to appreciate and communicate representation of new Indonesian nationalism by using the setting of contemporary everyday life condition in Indonesia. Some other films that were premiered almost in the same time with Nagabonar Jadi 2 like Gie (2005) for instance also carried the same theme which was nationalism but indifferent settings and nonetheless only showed portraits of history where character Gie[2] existed. Despite of forced ideology, in my opinion, similar plays also can be seen in 1980’s Indonesia government propaganda films such as Serangan Fajar (Dawn attacks), and G 30/S PKI.

Third, after some read, more or less, two hundreds comments, blogs[3], reviews, e-news and discussion threads in internet of which the range of publication was from March 2007[4] to March 2008 (a year after the film premiered) I found that most of those spectators thought that this film reminded them about nationalism. Nonetheless, even the Indonesian vice president, Jusuf Kalla[5] also admitted that this film had strong nationalism and religiosity message. He is one of the most influential public opinion leaders and also head of the biggest Indonesia political party with more than 30 million constituents therefore his appreciation not only projects Indonesian film public opinion but also himself as a spectator. This essay mainly discusses about intertextuality within Nagabonar Jadi 2 and attempts to bear its narrative meaning using Greimas’ Rectangle, one among other semiotic methods.

About the movie

Nagabonar Jadi 2 (Nagabonar Becomes 2) is a comedy movie starring Deddy Mizwar and Tora Sudiro as the father and the son. This movie is a sequel to 1986 hits movie Nagabonar. The story is still about Nagabonar (Deddy Mizwar), a pickpocket who became a general during independence war. But now Nagabonar lives in the big city with his son Bonaga (Tora Sudiro), a businessman. Along with his three friends, Pomo (Darius Sinathrya), Ronnie (Uli Herdinansyah) and Jaki (Michael Muliadro) they run a big business. Conflict comes when Bonaga wants to sell his father’s palm plantation. Monita (Wulan Guritno) a consultant to Bonaga’s business tries to settle down the conflict between Bonaga and Nagabonar. Some interesting scenes are when Nagabonar gives salute to the statue of General Sudirman, an Indonesia national hero from independence war, his monologue (47:35) with one of Indonesian national song Padamu Negeri (To You, My Country) as the musical background is considered as the peak for the film.

Film Semiotic

Film semiotic has influenced from three persons; Christian Metz, Juri Lotman, and Roland Barthes. The main question in applying semiotic as interpretation method for film is how does the film signify?[1] Since the film talks through conventional signs or according to Metz through film language, therefore the challenge in film semiotic is to find the truth of signification meaning thus being able to say what ‘Exist’ is ‘Truth’. In general terms, Danesi (2002) slightly disagrees with Metz proposition of how film can be viewed as having the same structural features as language. In his opinion, it is more accurate to say that the cinematic text expands the categories of language by blending dialogue, music, scenery, and action in a cohesive way.[2] For this reason, he said, “it can be characterized as a composite sign made up of verbal and non-verbal signifiers.”[3]

Rose (2007, also Kress et.al, 2006) argues that ideology also plays important role to signification prominence. Taking the idea from Williamson (1978) and Barthes (1973), Rose emphasizes on structural spatialization of sign metaphor hence will lead to metonymic[4] and or synecdochal[5] signs. Kress (et.al, 2006) underpins those posits by took Metz (1974a, 1974b) argumentation on visual structuring. He notes that visual structuring has either been treated as simply reproducing the structures of reality rather than as creating meaningful propositions by means of visual syntax, or discussed in formal terms only.[6] Later, Kress said that visual structures do not simply reproduce ‘reality’. On the contrary, they produce images of reality which are bound up with the interest of social institutions within which the images are produced, circulated and read. Visual structures are never merely formal: they have deeply important semantic dimension.

Barthes has pinpointed that once the Author is removed, the claim to decipher a text becomes quite futile. To give a text, an Author imposes a limit on that text, to furnish it with a final signified, to close the writing.[7] He also mentioned in his fine words; “the birth of the reader must be a cost of the death of author”.[8] This proposition implies that the center of generated meaning no longer in the hand of creator nevertheless being emerged by the text reader. In Structural Analysis of Narratives, Barthes, by mentioning Greimas, also explained text narratives as playing ground for actors (subject-characters) and actants[9] thus the narrative itself becomes the language.[10]

The Greimas’ Rectangle

Algirdas Julien Greimas, a Lithuanian linguistic and semiotician, has proposed a set of logic, based on Aristotle square of opposition, as elementary structure of signification, marking off the oppositional logic that is at the heart of both narrative progression and semantic, thematic, or symbolic content.[11] Lenoir (1994) attempts to give a short brief of Greimas’ proposition as follows:

The semiotic square is a mean of articulating the semantic structure of signification in terms of binary oppositions or alternatives. Greimas emphasizes that the oppositions gave rise to meaning are a far richer set than contradiction, the either/nor of binary logic. Elaborating on three types of relationship– contradiction, contrariety, and complementarity–he established an exhaustive set of oppositions forming a dialectical logic with four positions rather than three, as in Hegelian dialectic. Giving a particular concept–Greimas illustrates its use with an example from Levi-Strauss’s discussion of “life” versus “death” in “The Structural Study of Myth”–one can use the semiotic square to unpack its semantic content by specifying the fields of difference, opposition, and separation in which it is embedded with respect to other concepts.

Greimas describes the square’s fourth position–which I regard as its most engaging aspect–as explosive. Commentators have depicted it as the “negation of the negation” in Hegelian terms; as such, Jameson notes, the fourth position in the square is frequently enigmatic, opening the possibility of a productive leap to the elaboration of a new system of meaning. In his excellent discussion of Greimas’s work, Schleifer has shown how this process works, using the fourth position as the opening to an ever-widening web of “zones of entanglement.” Intuitively, one can see the appeal of the square for practitioners of cultural studies. They hope that the semiotic square will bring to light the webs of signification constituting the meanings of a text; they believe that it may articulate the intertextual linkages between different domains as well as the underlying assumptions organizing particular cultural fields.[12]

The semiotic square consist binary opposition of concepts and its negation based on Hegelian term in dialectica. The relationships are:[1]

  • S1 and S2 : opposition
  • S1 and ~S1, S2 and ~S2 : contradiction
  • S1 and ~S2, S2 and ~S1 : complementarity

The semiotic square also produces, second, so-called meta-concepts, which are compound ones, the most important of which are:

  • S1 and S2
  • neither S1 nor S2

Hence, I will combine this set of semantic logic with the concept of intertextuality which I will take from Umberto Eco article about film Casablanca.

Eco’s Intertextuality

In his ‘cult’ article about film Casablanca, Eco proposed the concept of intertextuality regarding the kind of requirements that can transform a book or a movie into a cult object. “The work must be loved, obviously,” he said. Then, “…but this is not enough. It must provide a completely furnished world so that its fans can quote characters and episodes as if they were aspects of the private sectarian world.” Later he bares the concept of ‘common frame’ and ‘inter-textual frames’ as the visual narrative variables in order to analyze films.

What he meant by ‘common frame’ was “a sequence of actions more or less coded by our normal experience”,[2] and by ‘inter-textual frames’ he said “I meant stereotyped situation derived from proceeding and recording by our encyclopedia, such as, …duel between the sheriff and the bad guy or the narrative situation in which the hero fought the villain and won….”.[3] Moreover, he proposed, instead of just recognized conventional inter-textual frames, audience apt to find more ‘magical flavors’ in a film. Those ‘magical flavors’ which are been textualized in film frames indeed transform a movie, such Casablanca, into a cult object. Although he admitted in Casablanca, there were more inter-textual frames, what he later called ‘inter-textual archetypes’, than ‘magic’ inter-textual frames.[4]

Findings

As has been mentioned by Eco, intertextuality emerges from our ‘encyclopedia’ of textuality therefore one must bear their own frame of references first before they put identification as to which text does a film scene relate to. In film Nagabonar Jadi 2, due to my lack of Indonesian film references probably, I am quite surprised that I could not find as much intertextuality as I expected. Some do, but some don’t, most of scenes I would consider it merely common frames. Indeed some are conflicts and present something which profoundly interesting enough because historical plot of the film but mostly do not emerge sense of ‘magic’ or even specters, something which reminds me to something. However, for scenes which I consider have some intertextuality within it, I note my observation chronologically by time.

1. (02:30) Nagabonar’s monolog in front of his family graveyard.

2. (16:00) Nagabonar coaxes Bonaga to allow him to caressing Bonaga’s hair while he is sleeping. It’s an obtuse meaning for me and reminds me of Tora Sudiro (Bonaga) gay character in film Arisan (2003).

3. (31:27) Umar, a ‘bajaj’ taxi driver takes Nagabonar back to his house after being ‘lost’ in Jakarta. Umar character, played by Lukman Sardi, as a poor man also has a same position in Pengemis & Tukang Becak (1978) aka The Beggar and the Rickshaw Man.

4. (40:00) Nagabonar gives salute to the monument of Indonesia founding fathers.

5. (47:35) Nagabonar’s second monolog in front of monument of General Sudirman, an Indonesia national hero from independence war, in the middle of one of Jakarta’s main way, the Sudirman Street. He also gives salute to the statue. In a glimpse it reminds me of Andre Stinky monolog with god in Kiamat Sudah Dekat (2003), a film which Deddy Mizwar (Nagabonar) directed and also played as one of the main actors.

6. (75:00) Negotiation between Japanese investors and Bonaga’s team to sell his father palm plantation. Bonaga does not tell Nagabonar yet about the buyer of his plantation

7. (79:45) Nagabonar’s furious when he knows that the buyer is Japanese. Japan was the last country which occupied Indonesia after The Dutch.

8. (93:35) Nagabonar gives salute in independence war heroes’ cemetery.

9. (102:38) Monita kisses Bonaga. It reminds me whan Kirana (Bonaga’s mother) kiss Nagabonar in the first film, Nagabonar. The same faith?

10. (108:45) flapping the national flag ceremony with an Indonesia anthem as the musical background, in this scene Nagabonar wears his ‘general’ hat and for the fourth time he gives salute. Every Monday morning, every public and government institution in Indonesia obligates to conduct this ceremony from 7 to 8 AM.

11. (111:15) Bonaga turn out the selling contract from the Japanese investors after he’s got news that his father injured after the flag ceremony. In this scene, bonaga, monita, umar, and three friends of bonaga gather near nagabonar bed. All of them wear white shirt except nagabonar himself.

An interesting dialog, often said in the film, is the sentence “Apa Kata Dunia?” (What the world would say?). For those who have watched film Nagabonar they will recall this jargon as part of Nagabonar character itself. This jargon semanticly has been used by Batak tribe, a tribe in north of sumatera island (Indonesia) where Nagabonar originate from, in their own dialect to express their ignorance about the condition around them. Dignity is the main value of human existence nevertheless for the people from this tribe; they are very concern about what their surroundings will think about them. Therefore, to Nagabonar this sentence is a way for him to express his awareness about what would happen if he becomes ignorant. I am not saying that other tribes in Indonesia do not have any expression about this, but what Nagabonar says uniquely represents his cultural background and Indonesian spectators understandably capture this proposition.

Now, after capturing intertextuality in this film, the big question is what does this film stand for? What is the grand narrative this film attempts to emerge in the eye of spectators? Well, two things are clear—if I referred to what Barthes said about ‘obvious meaning’—obvious which are when gave Nagabonar salutes and the flag ceremony. In the film, spectator been brought back and forth between the present and who was Nagabonar. The first monolog in his family graveyard, his visits to the statues of the founding fathers, his meeting with Maryam—an old friend from independence war, and more over is his salutes. A salute is not something you do instantly or instinctively, when you give salute you give your respect and for Nagabonar respect is same like dignity, his born with it, he lives with it and he will die for it.

Salute also becomes conventional sign in this film. As in other nationalistic films like Air Force One for instance, Saving Private Ryan, or even Men of Honor, we are moved when we see the actor gives salute to whatever he saluted for, it’s could be flag, monument, an army or even to a dog. The acts become cult because everyone in this world knows what a salute means, indeed there are many forms of salute but they have a same meaning, a respect. Thus salute rise as a synecdoche along with flapping the national flag, sign of nationalism. From this point, I find four narrative propositions as (S1) nationalism, (S2) anti-nationalism, (~S1) non anti-nationalism, and (~S2) non nationalism. These narratives disseminate within Nagabonar Jadi 2 and spectators can see as long as the film;

Another interesting scene is when Monita kisses Bonaga, for spectators who do not see the first sequel, he or she would feel it’s just a common kiss, nothing more nothing less. However, one who has seen film Nagabonar would feel repetition because such an act also happened to Nagabonar. It is different actors and settings, how could one consider it as a repetition? Indeed they are indifferent in sense of text appearance but they have the same context. In the first film, Nagabonar was told as a person who has problems getting along with woman—as some men do, he has a problem expressing his feelings to Kirana (Bonaga’s mother) that’s why Kirana kisses Nagabonar. The same situation also emerges in Monita-Bonaga relationship. This is like an idiom, “like father like son”.

Conclusion

Nagabonar Jadi 2 indeed has some intertextuality with other films, especially Indonesian films, but needless to say it has ‘magic’ intertextuality since those scenes are not profoundly enough. There is neither a magic door nor a key like in Eco’s analysis on Casablanca but there are some unique scenes where the spectator will feel inter-relation between Nagabonar Jadi 2 and its predecessor, Nagabonar. Using Greimas’ Rectangle I found four propositions of narrative within the film which are nationalism, anti-nationalism, non nationalism, and non anti-nationalism. Salutes and flapping the national flag are the synecdoche of nationalism in this film. However, Nagabonar Jadi 2 is not a cult film as many of the scenes can be illuminated by its first sequel and not the other way around. Thus it is not ‘magic’ enough to be loved.


[2] The translation version of Eco’s work regarding this matter was in Eco, U. (1986). “Casablanca”: Cult Movies and Intertextual Collage. In U. Eco, Travels in Hyper Reality: Essays (p. 197). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. However, quotation I taken was from selected articles in BFM Film Semiotics class (spring 2008) reading requirements and nevertheless it was same article from different books. Page 396.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid. I also took these paragraphs from my previous paper about Eco’s intertextuality and cult films phenomena. My intention was to put that article about cult film as part of this article nevertheless perhaps I can combine it in the future work.


[1] I found such proposition during my study in Dr. James Thurlow film semiotic class in spring 2008 at BFM School Tallinn, Estonia, very interesting class indeed.

[2] (Danesi, 2002) page 122-128.

[3] Ibid.

[4] This kind of sign is something associated with something else, that then represents something else. See (Rose, 2007) page 87.

[5] This sign is either a part of something standing in for a whole, or a whole representing a part. See ibid.

[6] (Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen, 2006) page 47.

[7] The original text is in (Barthes, Image-Music-Text, 1977) however, quotation that I took was from selected articles in BFM Film Semiotics class (spring 2008) reading requirements. page 147.

[8] Ibid.

[9] An “actant” is not simply a character in a story, but an integral structural element upon which the narrative revolves. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actant.

[10] Barthes, Roland. A Barthes Reader. Ed. Susan Sontag. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982 in BFM Film Semiotics class (spring 2008) selected readings.

[11] Felluga, Dino. “Modules on Greimas: On the Semiotic Square.” Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. See http://www.purdue.edu/guidetotheory/narratology/modules/greimas square.html retrieved on May 9th, 2008.

[12] Lenoir, Timothy (1994) Was That Last Turn A Right Turn? The Semiotic Turn and A.J. Greimas, Configurations, Vol.2. 119-136.


[1] Kompas, Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfiman Indonesia (Indonesian films in the last ten years), July 2nd, 2005.

[2] Gie character was taken from real Indonesian activist name that was lived in Jakarta around 60’s and 70’s.

[3] Most of the blogs only told about experience they had after watched the film however some blogs also gave critics and good reviews on films such as (in Indonesian language); http://ericsasono.multiply.com/reviews/ item/40, and http://biangpenasaran.blogspot.com/2007/06/marketing-nagabonar-jadi-2.html

[4] The official film date of publish was March 29th, 2007.

Achmed The Dead Terrorist: Just Laughing Ourselves

Salam,

Berikut ini ada video comedy nya Jeff Dunham-Achmed The Dead Terrorist, figur ini lagi banyak di bicarakan di eropa dan US terutama karena mengangkat isu terrorist yang notabene nya melekat pada stereotype laki-laki arab.  Dari sisi semiotika, saya sangat menikmati canda2 dunham lewat karakter achmed ini, satir dan ironi menurut saya, tapi yang paling penting adalah masyarakat US (figur ini diperkenalkan oleh NBC) sangat membutuhkan sebuah relaksasi atas issue2 yang panas saat ini. Hampir setiap hari media2 massa memunculkan isu terrorist, perang di iraq, isu radikalisme dan isu2 lainnya, dan masyarakat sudah muak… mereka yang salah satu anggota keluarganya tewas di perang iraq, perang yang sebagian besar tidak mereka pahami, mulai mengalami trauma dengan stereotype2 ini, in which been emerged by media itself.

Mereka butuh pelampiasan, dan Dunham datang  di saat yang tepat dengan karakter achmed ini. Dunham bermain cerdik dengan tetap menjaga jarak antara manusia dan  attitude-nya, menurut saya dia tidak menyinggung muslim ataupun aktivitas-aktivitas muslim, yang dia singgung sebenarnya paranoia masyarakat US sendiri tentang isu2 perang di iraq dengan mengaitkan secara paradigmatic (mungkin kalo anda tahu Greima’s Rectangle atau Semiotic square) konsep achmed dengan stereotype2 yang berkembang di masyarakat US, yang berarti juga becanda nya achmed hanya ada di kepala masyarakat US.

Kadang kala kita perlu menertawakan diri kita sendiri, dengan tertawa terhadap diri sendiri kite berefleksi terhadap ke -Aku-an kita, kita menjadi sadar atas perbuatan kita dan bisa mengambil keputusan2 tentang diri kita sendiri kedepannya, despite right or wrong. Dan saya kira inilah yang perlu kita lakukan saat ini, tertawalah terhadap mitos-mitos yang ada di sekitar kita, tertawalah pada kesadaran kita untuk mau mempercayai mitos-mitos tersebut, hanya saja kita perlu menggarisbawahi bahwa ada bedanya antara mitos dan keyakinan, percayalah pada keyakinan tapi jangan pada mitos. Roland Barthes mengatakan bahwa pada level kedua dari signifikansi process komunikasi adalah lahirnya mitos, level yang menurut C. G. Jung adalah tempat archetype2 berkembangbiak. Barthes emphasized that on the level of myths there are no denotative meaning(s), artinya tidak ada ke-sesungguh-an dari tanda (sign) hence, yang lahir adalah makna-makna arbitrary yang selalu bisa di produksi dan reproduksi lagi (mengambil ide dari Roman Jakobson dan Russian Formalist).

Anyway, please enjoy the video as part of your sense of humor not as part of your myth, just laugh ourselves, I did!

Riza

Fitna’ Movie: Pathetic Framing From A GAY Socialpsychophat (here’s the link!)

Salam,
As you all know, so to speak, kemarin (27/03/08), sebuah film baru saja di rilis di Belanda oleh salah seorang anggota dprd utrecht bernama Geert Wilders. Hanya 12 jam dari rilisnya, lebih dari 1,2  juta orang telah menyaksikannya dan saya yakin, pada saat saya menulis di blog ini, anda di indonesia pasti juga telah mendengar tentang hal ini atau bahkan menyaksikannya. Rilis di liveleak.com tidak memperkenankan viewer untuk memberikan comment yang saya yakin banyak pro dan kontranya, nevertheless saya menulis di blog pribadi ini. Pendapat saya tidak untuk menghujat atau memaki-maki atau mengecam atau bahkan mengancam yang sudah banyak di lakukan blog milik orang muslim lainnya. Tapi saya ingin menanggapinya dengan cara yang cerdas, saya juga mengajak anda tidak termakan hasutan wilders di akhir film, dan anda juga harus menanggapinya dengan cerdas. Hati saya sebenarnya berteriak, tetapi kepala harus tetap dingin, Allah SWT mendengar doa orang-orang yang di dzhalimi.

Film berdurasi sekitar 16 menit ini, dalam perspective berdasarkan pengetahuan saya di bidang semiotika dan studi komunikasi, sangat dikotak-kotakkan sekali. Pertama, wilders berbicara dalam waawancaranya dengan AFP bahwa dia tidak membenci muslim tetapi dia membenci ideology nya yang dalam term nya “Islamisation”. Menurut saya, wilders adalah seorang pembohong besar, dalam film jelas sekali tidak ada idea yang dipertontonkan sebagai justifikasi dari ideology “Islamisation”, instead dia menunjukkan potongan-potongan klip, berita, kata-kata dari Al-Quran yang kesemuanya lepas dari context dimana kesemua texts itu berada. Dia menunjukkan foto2 orang berdemonstrasi yang saya yakin beberapa diantaranya adalah rekayasa karena ada sebuah gambar yang sepertinya dipegang oleh seorang american dan seorang pastur. Wilders memutar balikkan fakta dan logika dengan memberikan kesan seolah-oleh yang terjadi di daerah perang di timur tengah adalah apa yang akan terjadi di Belanda, fallacy of misplace concreteness! 

Kedua, dia mengkondisikan lewat permainan montage, opini bahwa seolah-oleh Islam adalah satu-satunya agama yang membenci homoseksualitas, dia tidak menyajikan full cover story (atau sengaja melakukannya) dan fakta bahwa semua agama di dunia membenci homoseksualitas, insting semiotic saya mengatakan bahwa wilders adalah seorang gay atau punya banyak teman yang gay, dan memang Belanda adalah negara pertama di dunia yang melegalkan perkawinan gay tetapi kenyataannya gayisme bukan isu sentral dalam politik Belanda, saat ini saya punya temen satu project team dari Belanda, dia yang bilang ini ke saya sewaktu kami berdiskusi tentang film ini, dan dia adalah seorang katolik. Ini mengherankan saya, karena saya bisa memahami motives wilders untuk menentang terorisme atau invasi muslim ke dalam kehidupan kenegaraan di Belanda karena dia seorang anggota representative yang mungkin salah satu musuh politik nya beragama islam atau dia punya massa pendukung yang punya masalah dengan orang-orang yang beragama islam tetapi GAY?! Carl Gustav Jung berkata tentang konsep seorang anak laki-laki yang meng-absorb his mother-image, “typical effects on the son are homosexuality and Don Juanism” (Four Archetype, 2003:19-20). Jika wilders tidak memilih Don Juanism, maka dia cenderung untuk memilih homoseksualitas, ini juga menjelaskan beberapa scences eksekusi perempuan bahkan potongan kepala seorang muslimah sesudah eksekusi, dia tidak membunuh para muslimah atau tends untuk membuat horor para perempuan yang menyaksikannya, dia membunuh his own mother-image sebagaimana semua gay melakukannya!! dan karena pemilihan gambar yang ekstrem, saya mencurigainya sebagai seorang socialpsychopat, I mean look at him!! (anda bisa lihat fotonya di link berita AFP yang ada di bawah) saya yakin dia juga seorang masochist.

Terakhir, kita saat ini hidup di dunia dimana media issue selalu berlalu dengan cepatnya, apa anda pernah menonton film ’15 minuetes’ atau mendengar teori bahwa saat ini seorang individu hanya punya waktu 15 menit untuk menjadi pusat perhatian media, setelah itu wuzzz…. media akan beralih pada isu lain, nah kira-kira itulah yang akan terjadi pada film ini. Okay! mungkin tidak 15 menit, karena 24 jam setelah film ini rilis viewers nya nambah banyak, atau seperti Ayat-ayat Cinta yang hingga tulisan ini dibuat orang masih rela ngantri buat nontonnya, mungkin lebih lama, but my point is film ini akan terkubur bersama waktu jika orang tidak lagi memperdulikannya, ingat konsep spiral of silence pada teori informasi, yah kira-kira seperti itulah. Jika tidak ada yang mau men-feedback atau meng-anti thesis isu ini, film ini akan dilupakan orang, sama seperti kontroversi karikatur nabi di koran denmark 2 tahun yang lalu. Okay!! mungkin tidak semuanya, tapi paling tidak unsignificant lagi. Tetapi sebaliknya, jika anda mulai marah-marah dan mikir “Kita tidak boleh diam, dia menghina Tuhan kita!! Kita harus bergerak!!” tolong mikir lagi, karena bagi saya Allah SWT adalah tidak ternoda Dia suci dalam dirinya sendiri dan tidak oleh kita dan tak satupun makhluk di bumi yang lebih baik di mata Nya kecuali amalannya (silahkan mikir hubungannya…), tapi ini hanya menurut saya.

Sedikit tambahan buat terakhir, jika anda tidak tahu karakter european people maka sebaiknya jangan marah-marah dulu. European people terutama di bagian daratan benua, (lander they says…) suka sekali membuat comment(s), mereka suka mengomentari apapun mulai dari harga garam sampai cuaca (favorit mereka!) jadi anda juga harus melihat film ini dalam perspektif mereka, supaya imbang maksudnya. Sewaktu saya dan temen-temen nonton ini, beberapa dari mereka ketawa-tawa, “…and expecting us to believe this crap, we better watch something else, something more useful…” some of them said to me. Dan buat saya, silahkan anda baca beritanya, nonton filmnya, dan jangan lupa tinggalkan comment di blog ini tapi setelah itu, silahkan teruskan tidur anda, atau lanjutkan games PS3 anda, lupakanlah film ini!! Besok baca koran lagi, lanjutkan hidup anda lagi, sebagaimana yang ada di film ini sendiri, “Ada saatnya Kita akan menguasai Dunia ini!” so tunggu saja tanggal mainnya… 

Riza 

PS: If you interest, here are the links (I intentionally not to put it directly): 
http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=7d9_1206624103 
http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jC8xo84Wf29DJEaEQgX3fwGX3hVg

What is Cult Films? (1)

Salam Damai,

Pertanyaan ini muncul ketika saya mereview beberapa literature tentang film semiotic, inspirasi utamanya datang dari artikel Umberto Eco, Casablanca: Cult Movies and Intertextual Collage. Sebagai bagian dari tugas kelas film semiotic yang saya ikuti di Baltic Film and Media School, student di beri tugas untuk meriset topic yang berkaitan dengan film semiotic dan pertanyaan ini yang muncul di benak saya sebagai topic yang hendak saya riset.

Discussion among critics and film theorists about definition on term ‘Cult’ in ‘Cult Film’ have already take place for decades. One of important works, in my sense, can be ‘Cult’ by itself was an article by Umberto Eco; Casablanca: Cult Movies and Intertextual Collage (1985). Eco’s work inspired me to quest more understanding on what film represented and how human perception interpreted that representation and actualized it into their part of existence in society. Nevertheless, I found that questions also have relation within film semiotics, thus, I guess, I am not the only one who doing this.

In my opinion, so to speak, the term ‘Cult Film’ as one of aspects in entire Cult Media, gain influenced from cultivation theory which developed by Prof. George Gerbner and Prof. Larry Gross, and has been studied among communication scientists since 1960’s. This theory emphasized on effect of television program through perception of viewer. It assumed, exposure that viewer received, subtly “cultivates” viewers’ perceptions of reality. The term ‘cultivation’ derived from term ‘cult’, thus if we refers to its terminology came from the Latin ‘cultus’ which means care, or adoration, or in addition, veneration.Despite the meanings, through some literatures, the word ‘cult’ in ‘cult film’ itself was vague and dispute, and in my sense, usage of the words more underpins its justification as a label rather as a reference.

Phillipe Le Guern refers term usage ‘cult’ on television series, films, novels, and music which been praised in such a way, have groups of fan, and in some aspect symbolized values, social status and subculture of themselves. Nonetheless, he also mentioned contemporary usage of the word on more religious practice which brings ambiguity and makes any attempt at definition and delimitation of the concept and its usage more difficult. However, difficulties’ that Le Guern mentioned were derived from two causes; first, subordinate disposition by sociology approach in social environment and an inability to reflect the meanings of its own practice. Second, it was concerned on analogy of media cults and religious cults. He noted Walter Benjamin thoughts about the idea of an art such as cinema can only exist on level of reproduction (as opposed to unique reproduction) in which reproducibility invalidates the ‘cult value’ of art.

Therefore, Le Guern proposed a question whether the concept of ‘Cult’ should be reduced from a nominalist perspective to the product of linguistic game, to one of those classification schemes created by the observer but devoid of reality. He argue this sublimation of film, in generally speaking, functioning as unifier that produces groups and spectators by its expression of attributed values, thus maintain their enthusiasm for the cult text. In spite of cult film as reducibility text, le Guern emphasized the role of, in his term, ‘participatory culture’ of fans, communities, and by rituals as a social construction of cults. This niche distinguished the authentic/original cults and inauthentic/planned cults based on historical concept whose point of transitions is the rationalization and exploitation of tastes. These tastes however, must be relativized in order to be understood and taken place in the procession of successive generations, their cultural practices, and the conditions and context of these practices.

This fandomness, however, has attracted Matthew Hills to bear the relation between fandom and cult culture from academic perspective. He argues that actually it is not an easy task to define fandom itself because of ‘everydayness’ of term. Nowadays everyone knows what a ‘fan’ is, of course, Hills took Abercrombie and Longhurst (1998) attempted by linked the concept of ‘fan’, cultist, and ‘enthusiast’. He also mentioned Tulloch and Jenkins (1995) less contradictory definition, despite the term ‘cult’, of ‘fan and ‘followers. In addition, Hills noted Brooker and Brooker (1996: 141) preposition “Tarantino’s admirers might not all be fans……and not all fans will be cult fans’. Hills proposed that this thought makes a clear separation between the committed fan and the presumably even more knowledgeable and fan-community-oriented.

Nonetheless, he realized that the concept of ‘fandom’ and ‘cult fandom’ sometime overlapping. ‘Cult fandom’ more likely implied cultural identity which is partially from the concept of ‘fan’ in general. Thus, he suggested that this duality relates not to the intensity, social organization or semiotic/material productivity of the fandom concerned, but rather to its duration, especially in the absence of ‘new’ or official material in the originating medium. He showed delicately some instances of how Star Trek and The X-Files been adored by their fans and become ‘cult fandom’. Hence, Hills stated that cult fandom can be made up from three dimensions, which can, in specific cases, contradict one another. These dimensions, first, is tautological definitions which is the use of ‘cult’ discourses within fandoms. Second, temporal definitions which are usage of cult endured. Third, affective definitions, ‘cult’ fandom as an intensely felt fan experience.

Artikel tentang Social Semiotic (1)

Hi, berikut ini adalah 3 artikel tentang social semiotic. Harap diperhatikan! Jika anda mengutip artikel-artikel ini di tulisan atau pendapat atau publikasi anda, mohon untuk mencantumkan sumber artikel berupa penulis, nama journal, nomor terbitan etc. sesuai format katalog yang biasa anda gunakan. Stop piracy! tujuan dari dipublikasikannya artikel ini yaitu untuk memperkaya bahan diskusi keilmuan khususnya semiotika di Indonesia dan tidak ada maksud untuk komersialisasi.

Social Semiotics and Fieldwork: Method and Analytics 

Peirce’s Semiotics, Subdoxastic 

Peirce, Kant, and Apel on Transcendental Semiotics

Semoga Berguna!

Riza

Presentasi tentang mental model in digital library using visual semiotic

Ini adalah slides presentasi saya dengan title: Defining User Mental Model on Indonesian Universities Digital Library Web Interface, project paper untuk Research Method Course, 29 November 2007.

Mental Model on Digital Library Interface using Visual Semiotic

Semoga Berguna!